Aerosol refill cartridge

ABSTRACT

An apparatus for dispensing material through a refillable cartridge, comprising a container having a receptacle for receiving a refill cartridge, the container having a lid cooperating with the container to enclose the refill cartridge, the container further comprising an exit port and a channel for communicating material from the refill cartridge to the exit port, and a valve for controlling the flow of material out of the refill cartridge; and a reusable, refill cartridge sized to be received in the receptacle, the refill cartridge including compressed gas and material separated by a bi-conical thruster, the refill cartridge further comprising a first end having a material inlet and outlet manifold, and a second end having a compressed gas inlet. The system&#39;s performance can be improved by applying a surface treatment to the wetted surfaces of the system to change the physical properties at the fluid/vessel interface.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application claims the benefit of U.S. patent application Ser. No.13/222,604, filed Aug. 31, 2011, which in turn claims the benefit ofU.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/426,789, filed Apr. 20, 2009, nowU.S. Pat. No. 8,413,856; which in turn claims the benefit of U.S.Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/124,913, which in turn claims thebenefit of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/096,356, filed Mar. 31,2005, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,997,445 which in turn claims the benefit ofU.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/558,691, the contents of whichare hereby incorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to the field of materials management, andmore particularly to systems designed for containing, transferring,delivering and dispensing various materials. The material managementsystem of the invention is configured to deliver contamination freestreams from a vessel that can be emptied and refilled repeatedly,without intervening cleaning of the vessel or its components.

Prior known material management systems have encountered difficultytransferring from a containment vessel certain thick, viscous fluids,liquids and other types of materials that may resist pumping and thatcan be damaging to pumping apparatus. As used herein, a fluid is asubstance that is capable of flowing and that changes its shape at asteady rate when acted upon by a force tending to change its shape.Certain materials, while normally not considered to be fluids, also canbe made to flow under certain conditions, for example, soft solids andsemi-solids. Vast quantities of fluids are used in transportation,manufacturing, farming, mining, and industry. Thick fluids, viscousfluids, semi-solid fluids, visco-elastic products, pastes, gels andother fluid materials that are not easy to dispense from fluid sources(for example, pressure vessels, open containers, supply lines, etc.)comprise a sizable portion of the fluids utilized. These fluids includethick and/or viscous chemicals and other such materials, for example,lubricating greases, adhesives, sealants and mastics. In the foodprocessing industry, cheeses, creams, food pastes and the like must bemoved from point to point without degrading the food's quality andfreshness. In the manufacture and use of industrial chemicals andpharmaceutical products, hard to move fluids that are thick and/orviscous are commonly used. The ability to transport these materials fromone place to another, for example, from a container to a manufacturingor processing site, and in a manner that protects the quality of thematerial, is of vital importance.

Delivering and dispensing thick and/or viscous materials presents achallenge because these materials resist flowing and are not easilydispensed or moved out of their containers. Prior known methods ofdelivering viscous fluids have concentrated on establishing andmaintaining a fluid tight seal between pushing pistons or followerplates, and side walls of the containers of viscous materials. Thesedevices, however, are highly susceptible to disruption if the sidewallsof the viscous material container become out-of-round or dented.Moreover, some systems require high precision in all its parts, andrequire relatively bulky and expensive equipment. Furthermore, mostknown systems for material transport of fluids require the use of anexternal pump with a container having a follower plate. Moreover, thepump and follower plate are connected or otherwise coupled so as toincrease the expense and mechanical sophistication of such materialtransfer systems.

Heretofore known vessels and containers were basicmoderate-high-pressure vessels having characteristics that weredeficient in transferring difficult to move materials. For example, suchvessels often were relatively heavy, mild steel, converted airreceivers. Other such vessels were merely thin-walled, special steelalloy, converted propane tanks. Accordingly, the vessels weremanufactured under DOT regulations, and therefore required relativelyfrequent re-certification. Such containers also were susceptible tointernal rusting, and often were closed, and therefore difficult toclean. Furthermore, the containers were not bimodal (for liquids and/orthick fluids). In addition, past container internals consisted of onlyone internal subsystem, a follower device that had a single function, toprevent high-pressure gas bypassing. These follower devices weredifficult to fabricate, relatively expensive, rust-prone and could notwipe the vessel walls, even if desired by the user. Many such systemscontained heavy “ballast” that was not modifiable after fabrication andwere easily canted (tipped) if container was placed on its side.

One disclosed reusable viscous material dispensing apparatus systemincludes a follower boat having a lower hull portion that is weightedwith ballast. The diameter of the boat is smaller than the innerdiameter of the cylinder, such that the boat floats in a cylinder filledwith viscous materials, such as thick lubricating greases. In use of thesystem, the cylinder is filled with a viscous material through itsingress and egress opening. By applying compressed gas to the boat fromabove, the boat attempts to force the viscous material out of thecontainer through a common ingress and egress opening, until the bottomof the boat seats on and blocks the opening. However, the disclosedcontainer is configured as a vertical, closed, pressure vessel that maybe difficult to clean. Moreover, the disclosed boat is a single-function(prevents gas bypass), heavy, difficult to manufacture apparatus.

Accordingly, there is a need for, and what was heretofore unavailable, arefillable material transfer system that can dispense a highly viscousfluid from a reusable vessel to a point of use. Similarly, there is aneed for a material transfer system that will dispense only the requiredamount of material without waste, which is especially important toconsumers. Because certain chemicals are sensitive to contamination ofone form or another, there is a further need for a material transfersystem that is sealed, protects product quality, allows sampling withoutopening the container to contamination and permits proper attribution ofproduct quality problems to either the supplier or the user. Likewise,there is need for a refillable material transfer system that uses lowcost components and provides a non-mechanical (no moving parts),non-pulsating solution for dispensing and transferring thick fluids andother such materials. The present invention satisfies these and otherneeds.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Briefly, and in general terms, the present invention is directed to arefillable aerosol cartridge system for dispensing various materials,including thick, viscous and other types of fluids that resist pumpingand/or which might be damaging to pumping apparatus. The inventionfurther provides a cartridge and dispenser adapted for delivery ofcontamination-free flow of fluid product, which can be emptied andrefilled repeatedly without intervening cleaning of the cartridge.

The present invention is a reusable, refillable, and recyclable systemuseful in dispensing viscous material, such as fluids and liquids. Thesystem includes a material containment vessel with an upper regionincorporating a motive force, and a bottom region with a materialingress and egress opening. Alternatively, the material ingress andegress may be configured in a manifold or other structure positioned atthe top of the vessel. A diconical or other shaped, level-instrumentedforce transfer device is located in the material containment area. Theforce transfer device can be weighted to an amount depending upon theapplication. The diameter and height of the tangential element of theforce transfer device forms a cylindrical interface region. The diameterof this cylindrical interface region is smaller than the inner diameterof the material container forming an annulus that is matched to theviscous fluid or liquid and to the operating conditions of the system.

The force transfer device is an energy transducer when the materialcontainment is filled with highly viscous materials, such as adhesives,sealants, mastics or lubricating greases. The force transfer device mayserve as an integral part of a level indicator for both viscous fluidsand lower viscosity liquids. The viscous material itself forms a sealbetween the interface region of the force transfer device and the insidewall of the fluid vessel. Vertical stabilizing elements may extendoutward from the force transfer device. These stabilizing elementsprevent the interface region from scraping viscous materials off thesidewalls of the fluid containment. In the use of the system, the vesselis filled with a material, such as a viscous fluid or a liquid throughits ingress and egress opening. The filling operation raises the forcetransfer device and forms a viscous seal. By applying pressure to theforce transfer device from above, the force transfer device forces theviscous material out of the vessel through the material ingress andegress opening, until the bottom of the force transfer device seats onand blocks the ingress and egress opening. In the present invention,energy in the form of high-pressure inert gas may be applied to theforce transfer device. As also contemplated by the present invention,the energy may be derived from a combination of pneumatic, hydraulic,mechanical, electronic, or electro-mechanical means, wherein no sealingdevices are used between the force transfer device and the vessel wall.

The present invention includes an apparatus for transferring materialfrom a vessel including a crown, a tangential member attached to thecrown, wherein the tangential member is configured with an outer surfacesubstantially parallel to the longitudinal axis, and a thruster attachedto the tangential member, wherein the thruster is configured with aportion for penetrating a material. The force transfer device may beconfigured such that thruster is cone shaped including a vertex directedaway from the tangential member, the crown is cone shaped with a vertexdirected away from the tangential member.

The system's wetted surfaces, i.e. the interior surfaces that come incontact with the viscous fluid, can be treated to improve the efficiencyof the fluid transfer operation. That is, the movement of the fluid intoand out of the system can be improved by selective application oftreatments to the interior surfaces and/or the fluid itself. Theinterface between a moving fluid and a surface creates a boundary layer,which is more pronounced in highly viscous fluids than less viscousfluids. At the surface of the wall, the fluid will have a zero velocityand assume the wall temperature, whereas at some point spaced from thewall the fluid will assume the bulk fluid temperature and move at thebulk fluid velocity. In between these two conditions is the boundarylayer, which affects the energy required to move the fluid. A viscousfluid will have a larger boundary layer and thus be more greatlyaffected by the characteristics of that boundary layer. In the presentsystem, a cylindrical (or other shaped) vessel moving viscous fluidaxially will be governed by the conditions at the wall of the vessel.

One condition that significantly affects the boundary layer, and thusthe fluid flow, is the surface roughness of the wall. Roughness is amajor factor in boundary layer analysis, where a rougher surfaceincreases the boundary layer and requires more energy to move the sameamount of fluid, whereas a smoother surface reduces the boundary layerand reduces the amount of energy required to move the fluid within thevessel. The present invention takes advantage of this phenomenon toadjust the surface roughness of the surface of the wall by treating thewall with a material selected to diminish surface roughness and createan interface between the viscous fluid and the wall surface. Thematerial may be applied to any and all wetted surfaces within thevessel, including the force transfer device, so that fluid will movemore efficiently through the system. Alternatively, the surface of theinner walls of the vessel (and the force transfer device) can bemodified to manipulate the boundary layer that forms at the interface ofthe fluid and the surfaces. Polishing, abrading, pitting, andmicrofinishing are all modes by which the boundary layer within thevessel can be modified or controlled to improve the fluid transferoperation.

Other features and advantages of the invention will become apparent fromthe following detailed description, taken in conjunction with theaccompanying drawings, which illustrate, by way of example, the featuresof the invention.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a front plan view in partial cross-section of a firstembodiment of the refillable material transfer system of the presentinvention having a diconical force transfer device.

FIG. 2 is a side plan view of the force transfer device of FIG. 1.

FIG. 3 is a top plan view of the force transfer device of FIG. 2.

FIG. 4 is a front plan view in partial cross-section of an alternativeembodiment of the refillable material transfer system of the presentinvention having a diconical force transfer device including stabilizersfins.

FIG. 5 is a side plan view of the force transfer device of FIG. 4.

FIG. 6 is a top plan view of the force transfer device of FIG. 5.

FIG. 7 is a side plan view of the force transfer device of FIG. 5,further including an annulus management device.

FIG. 8 is a top plan view of the force transfer device of FIG. 7.

FIG. 9 is a side plan view in of an alternative embodiment of therefillable material transfer system of the present invention having aopenable lid including a lift mechanism.

FIG. 10 is a side plan view in an alternative embodiment of the forcetransfer device of the present invention having upper stabilizers fins.

FIG. 11 is an exploded view of the components of the force transferdevice of FIG. 10.

FIG. 12 is a side plan view in an alternative embodiment of the forcetransfer device of the present invention configured for use with a levelindicating device.

FIG. 13 is a top plan view of the force transfer device of FIG. 12.

FIG. 14 is a bottom plan view of the force transfer device of FIG. 12.

FIG. 15 is a side plan view of the force transfer device of FIG. 12,further including an annulus management device.

FIG. 16 is a top plan view of the force transfer device of FIG. 15.

FIG. 17 is a side plan view of a level indicating device for use withthe force transfer device of FIG. 12.

FIG. 18 is a side plan view of a position device subassembly for usewith the force transfer device of FIG. 12 and the level indicatingdevice of FIG. 17.

FIG. 19 is an exploded, perspective view of a cartridge system using thepresent invention.

FIG. 20 is a cross-sectional view of the cartridge system of FIG. 19.

FIG. 21 is a cross-sectional view of the cartridge system dispensingproduct.

FIG. 22 is a cross-sectional view of the cartridge system beingrefilled.

FIG. 23 is an alternate embodiment of the cartridge system of FIG. 21having a boundary layer reducing treatment applied to wetted interiorsurfaces.

FIG. 24 is a magnified view of a tapered cone structure at the wall ofthe interior surfaces.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

As shown in the drawings for purposes of illustration, the presentinvention is directed to refillable material transfer systems fordispensing various materials, including thick, viscous and other typesof fluids that resist pumping and/or which might be damaging to pumpingapparatus. The system includes a material containment vessel with anupper region incorporating a motive force, and a bottom region with amaterial ingress and egress opening. A diconical or other shaped,level-instrumented force transfer device is located in the materialcontainment area. The force transfer device can be weighted to an amountdepending upon the application. The diameter and height of thetangential element of the force transfer device forms a cylindricalinterface region. The diameter of this cylindrical interface region issmaller than the inner diameter of the material container forming anannulus that is matched to the viscous fluid or liquid and to theoperating conditions of the system.

Turning now to the drawings, in which like reference numerals representlike or corresponding aspects of the drawings, and with particularreference to FIG. 1, the refillable material transfer system 10 includesa pressure vessel 20 and a force transfer device 60, having a crown(upper portion) 68 and a thruster (lower portion) 71. The pressurevessel includes a top portion (first end) 22, a sidewall 24 and a bottomportion (second end) 26. The pressure vessel may be in the form of acylindrical container or other suitable shape for containing thematerial to be moved in and out of the pressure vessel. For example, thecontainer may be a vertical or horizontal high-pressure vessel, a singlepipe, a pipe cluster or a pipe-spool. Furthermore, the container neednot necessarily be configured for or as a pressure vessel, wherein thematerial to be transferred in and out of the container may move withgravity or other energy or force applied to the transfer device.Suitable materials of construction for the material vessel and itscomponents include metals (such as aluminum, copper, iron, nickel andtitanium) and alloys (such as alloy 20, inconel, monel, steel andstainless steel). In addition, polymers, plastics, composites and othersynthetic materials (such as fiber reinforced plastic, polyethylene,polypropylene, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyurethane, polyvinylchloride, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene—ABS, chlorinated polyvinylchloride—CPVC and polyvinylidene fluoride—PVDF) may be used to constructthe container and its components. Wherein the present inventioncontemplates horizontal, vertical and tilted vessels, the references tothe drawings herein are generally to a vertical vessel; however, thoseof ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that terms such as upper,lower, top and bottom may be easily translated to horizontal and tiltedconfigurations of the refillable material transfer system.

The top 22 of the vessel 20 may be secured to the sidewall or may be anopenable lid or otherwise removable from the sidewall portion 24 of thevessel. The top of the vessel may have a flat surface, asemi-ellipsoidal surface, or a hemispherical surface. The top may beconfigured as a lid that can be opened to facilitate the removal of theforce transfer device 60, changing of material service, maintenance ofthe systems internals and periodic cleaning. The lid of the vessel mayinclude an access manifold 36 that extends outward from the top of thevessel and extends into the lid. The access manifold is preferablycentrally positioned, for example, along the longitudinal axis of thevessel. The access manifold may include an overflow arm 32 or otherdevice for allowing excess material to exit the container during afilling operation. The overflow arm may include a manually operated orpressure-release valve. The access manifold may further be configured tocontain a stabilizer pipe or other rod to be disposed within thecontainer along its longitudinal axis. An access flange 34 may be fittedat the outside end of the access pipe (external of the vessel) so as toconstrain a stabilizer rod (pipe) 62 that may extend from the top of thevessel to proximate the bottom 26 of the vessel. The top of thecontainer may be further configured with a valve and fitting 38 forintroducing and/or releasing pressurized gas into/from the vessel. Gasessuch as air, nitrogen or other chemically derived gases (inert oractive) may be employed to pressurize the vessel and provide an appliedforce to the crown 68. In addition, the lid may be configured with apressure release valve (not shown) or other device to relieveoverpressure of gas within the container. The access flange may also beused for relief of the pressurized gas from the vessel.

The top 22 of the container 20 may be further configured with a retainer61 for restraining the force transfer device 60 as it reaches the top ofthe container. The retainer serves at least two purposes: to preventoverflow during refilling operations, and to facilitate the removal ofany of any materials retained on the upper surface of the conical crown68, especially semi-solid materials, by allowing them to be expelledduring a fill cycle. The retainer may be formed to conform to the shapeof the crown of the force transfer device. The retainer may be made fromof the same or different metal, alloy or polymer as the material vessel,depending upon the construction of the vessel, force transfer device andmaterial serviced. Additionally, the top of the container and sidewallportion of the container may be configured with flanges that fit tightlytogether so as to form a seal when the container is configured with anopenable top. A first flange 27 could be secured to the top of thevessel, wherein a second flange 28 is secured to the sidewall of thevessel. Fastening mechanisms (not shown) may be used to secure the topflange and sidewall flange together when the container is in operation.

The sidewall 24 of the vessel 20 defines a gas space 30 within thevessel. Similarly, when the vessel is filled with material 42 a portionof the container includes a material space 40. The vessel may furtherinclude a false bottom portion 50 that is defined by an arrestor 73configured to match (conform to) the shape of the thruster 71 of theforce transfer device. The vessel's bottom may have a flat surface, asemi-ellipsoidal surface, a hemispherical surface or other suitableshape for the duty of the vessel. The arrestor is configured to preventgas bypassing and to assure low material retain when the vessel isempty. The arrestor may be further configured with an outlet channel 55that transverses the bottom 26 of the vessel and is in fluidcommunication with a material manifold 45. Preferably, the outletchannel is of sufficient length so as to prevent gas flow into thematerial manifold by sealing the exit with abundant material. Inaddition, the outlet channel may be of sufficient length to define aheat transfer area 54 such that heat transfer elements 52 may beinterposed around the outlet channel and under the arrestor so as toheat or cool the material exiting the container. Alternatively, theoutlet channel and material exit manifold may be positioned at the topof the container, wherein the arrestor, retainer and other components ofthe vessel are appropriately configured.

The outlet channel 55 of the arrestor 73 at the false bottom 50 of thematerial vessel 20 leads to a material manifold 45. The materialmanifold may include a material inlet 48 and a material outlet 46 in aT-shape (tee). A flange 44 may be used to cap the bottom of the materialmanifold when formed in a T-shape. Alternatively, the material may enterand exit the manifold from the same port, wherein the manifold is formedin a L-shape. One or more valves (not shown) may be added to thematerial inlet and material outlet. Likewise, quick-release (cam andgroove) couplings or other assemblies may be added to the material inletand material outlet for connection to conventional devices forintroducing (filling) and removing (emptying) material to/from thevessel.

Referring now to FIGS. 2 and 3, the force transfer device 60 includes acrown (upper portion) 68, a tangential member (middle portion) 69 and athruster (lower portion) 71. In one embodiment, the crown is configuredwith a conical or frustrum shape having a substantially triangularcross-section. The cone-shaped crown includes an access port (opening)64 for access to a hollow interior of the force transfer device. Theopening may be used to insert ballast or other weighted material intothe thruster. A ballast plug (cap) 65 may be used to close the accessport in the crown. One or more vents (gas ports) 66 may be drilled orotherwise formed in the crown and tangential member so as to allow gasto pressurize the internal space of the force transfer device. The forcetransfer device accepts the primary force and/or energy applied to thecrown and transduces the applied force through the thruster, causing thematerial manifold 42 to be ubiquitously pressurized. When the transfersystem 10 includes a stabilizing pipe or rod 62 or other central member,the crown also includes a hole or bore 75 at the vertex of the cone inwhich the stabilizing rod may be slidably disposed. Similarly, thethruster may be configured with an opening 77 at the vertex of the conein which the stabilizing rod may be slidably disposed.

The thruster 71 may be formed in a conical or frustum shape having asubstantially triangular cross-section and may be configured with ahollow interior. A tangential member 69 may be interposed between theconical crown 68 and the conical thruster. The tangential member may beconfigured as a disk or plate being circular or cylindrical in shape andrectangular in cross-section. The tangential member helps providestability to the force transfer device such that the outer wall of thetangential member is configured to be positioned substantially parallelto the sidewall 24 of the vessel 20 and substantially parallel to thelongitudinal axis of the crown and the longitudinal axis of thethruster.

As shown in FIG. 2, one embodiment of the force transfer device 60resembles a child's top in cross-section, where both the crown 68 andthruster 71 are conical in shape, thereby forming a diconical forcetransfer device. In one embodiment, the crown is a hollow,upward-pointing cone, wherein the primary purpose is to preventoverfilling when the confined space of the vessel 20 is being filledwith material 42. Of secondary importance and during the refillingprocess, the crown displaces any materials that may have deposited ontop of the force transfer device. The conical thruster transfers theforce applied to device so as to penetrate and move the material throughthe vessel's material outlet 55 and into the material manifold 45. Theconical portion of the thruster is configured for penetrating thematerial in the vessel. Suitable materials of construction for the forcetransfer device and its components include metals (such as aluminum,copper, iron, nickel and titanium) and alloys (such as alloy 20,inconel, monel, steel and stainless steel). In addition, polymers,plastics, composites and other synthetic materials may be used to formthe force transfer device, such materials include fiber reinforcedplastic, polyethylene, polypropylene, polytetrafluoroethylene,polyurethane, polyvinyl chloride, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS),chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC) and polyvinylidene fluoride(PVDF).

Referring again to FIG. 1, one embodiment of the refillable materialtransfer system 10 is configured with the material vessel 20 in avertical position, wherein the bottom 26 of the container is adjacent tothe floor or ground and may stand on legs or other pedestals (notshown). Accordingly, the sidewall 24 of the vessel holds the top 22 ofthe container in place. The force transfer 60 device is configured tomove up and down the container as the material enters and leaves thevessel. When a stabilizer rod or other device 62 is disposed within thecontainer, the transfer device moves up and down the rod, which may beconfigured with a cap 63 at the end of the rod near the bottom of thevessel. Movement of the force transfer device is constrained at the topof the vessel by the retainer 61, and is constrained at the bottom ofthe vessel by the arrestor 73. In one aspect of the present invention,the tangential member 69 is configured with an outer diameter that isless than the internal diameter of the vessel. Accordingly, as thetransfer element moves up and down the container, a portion of material42 remains along the sidewall forming a gas seal 49 between the vesselsidewall and the tangential member. In such a vertical configuration ofthe transfer system, the outlet 55 is configured with a sufficientvertical length so that gas in the vessel will not move through theoutlet into the bottom material manifold as material empties from thecontainer and the transfer element approaches the arrestor.

Referring now to FIG. 4, alternative embodiments of the refillablematerial transfer system 10 may be configured using a mode of forceother than a high pressurized gas source. For example, a drive shaft 93may be positioned within a manifold 86 configured within the top portion22 of the material vessel (container) 20. The drive shaft is configuredto provide a driving force so as to move a force transfer device 90 fromthe top to the bottom 26 of the vessel. A first end portion 87 of thedrive shaft extends outside of the manifold from the top of the vessel.A flange 84 positioned at an end of the manifold that extends outside ofthe top of the vessel provides an airtight seal around the exteriorportion of the drive shaft. A second end 88 of the drive shaft isdisposed within an opening 102 configured at a vertex of a conical crown94 of the force transfer device. Accordingly, movement of the driveshaft from the top towards the bottom of the container drives the forcetransfer device towards the bottom of the container. Likewise, movementof the drive shaft from the bottom towards the top of the containermoves the force transfer device towards the top of the container.

In operation, it is expected that when material 42 enters the materialmanifold 45 positioned adjacent the bottom 26 of the vessel 20, then theforce transfer device 90 rises towards the top 22 of the container.Alternatively, the drive shaft 93 may be configured to move the forcetransfer device to the top of the container adjacent a retainer 91configured within the top portion or lid of the vessel. Further, a limitswitch 92 may be configured in the retainer and electronically connectedto the mode of force for the drive shaft so as to stop the forcetransfer device adjacent the retainer as the force transfer deviceapproaches the top of the vessel. Similarly, a limit switch 101 may bepositioned at or near the arrestor 99. Thus, as the drive shaft movesthe transfer device towards the bottom of the container, the limitswitch serves to stop the mode of force on the drive shaft and toposition the transfer device adjacent the arrestor allowing essentiallyall of the material to be removed from the container. Alternatively, thematerial manifold, switches, retainer, arrestor and other vesselcomponents may be configured so that the material is introduced andremoved from the top of the container.

A gas purge line and valve 89 may be configured into the top or lid 22of the vessel 20 and through the retainer 91 to allow air or an inertgas to be fed into the vessel when material 42 is being removed from thevessel and to purge such gases when the vessel is being filled withmaterial. In addition, a material overfill arm 82 may be included in themanifold 86 for purging excess material, air and other gases during thefill cycle. The gas inlet and valve may be used to allow gas or air toenter into the container as material is moved out of the container asthe airspace 80 increases within the container and as the material space40 reduces in the container. Alternatively, the excess materialdischarge line 82 may be configured so as to allow air to enter and exitthe container as the transfer device pushes material out of thecontainer or material entering into the container moves the transferdevice towards the top of the container.

Referring now to FIGS. 5 and 6, the diconical force transfer device 90includes a crown (upper portion) 94, a tangential member (middleportion) 95 and a thruster (lower portion) 97. The crown and thrusterare configured with a conical or frustum shape, having a substantiallytriangular cross-section with a truncated point or vertex. The annulartangential member has a substantially vertical outer surface, and isinterposed between the crown and thruster. The crown, tangential memberand thruster may be machined, die-cast or otherwise manufactured as asingle unit, or may be manufactured as separate components and welded,bolted or otherwise permanently or removably fastened together to formthe force transfer device.

The force transfer device 90 may be further configured with one or morestabilizers 96 positioned along the outer surface of the tangentialmember 95 of the transfer device. The stabilizers are thin blade-likemembers, and may be made of a similar material as the transfer device,for example, metals and their alloys, polymers, plastics, composites orother natural and synthetic materials. The plurality of stabilizers (forexample, four stabilizers) may be affixed to the transfer deviceequidistant along the outer surface of the tangential member by welding,mechanical fasteners or other suitable devices and techniques. The topand bottom edges of the stabilizers may be rounded so as to limitscraping and other damage to the sidewall 24 of the material vessel 20.One purpose of the stabilizers is to help prevent tipping of the forcedevice as the tangential member moves along the sidewalls of the vessel.The stabilizers also allow a material space 49 adjacent the sidewall ofthe vessel so as to provide a gas seal between the force transfer deviceand the vessel's sidewall. In such a configuration, the refillablematerial transfer system 10 may be used in a vertical position, ahorizontal position or disposed at an angle as required by the user.

Performance of the force transfer device 90 may be enhanced by theaddition of a penetrating tip or protuberance 98. As shown in FIGS. 4and 5, the penetrating tip may be conical or frustum in shape, havingthe same or different intrinsic angle as the conical thruster portion 97of the force transfer device (see FIG. 11). The penetrating tip may bemade of the same material or alternative materials as the othercomponents of the force transfer device. Further, the configuration ofthe conical thruster tip need not be triangular in cross-section, butmay be rounded, square or other suitable configuration so as to helpdisplace the material as the force transfer device moves towards theportion of the container that contains the material outlet channel 55and material outlet manifold 45. The conical thruster may be configuredat its bottom end (furthest from the crown 94 and tangential member 95)with a truncated portion 104 that is configured to receive the conicalthruster tip. The wide end 106 of the conical thruster tip may beconfigured with a threaded flange or other device for securing to thetruncated portion of the thruster. Alternatively, the conical thrustertip may be welded or otherwise permanently secured to the conicalthruster. Empirical data supports the premise that the largest diameterof the thruster tip should be about the same as the diameter of the exitchannel 55. Both the conical portion of the thruster and theprotuberance are configured for penetrating the material.

Referring now to FIGS. 7 and 8, the force transfer device 90 may befurther configured with an annulus management device 103 positionedadjacent and/or around the tangential member 95 of the force transferdevice. For example, the annulus management device may include acircular, donut-shaped member that includes cutouts or notches (notshown) so as to fit tightly over the stabilizer fins 96. Alternatively,cutouts or notches could be made in the stabilizer fins to accommodatethe annulus management device. The annulus management device also may beconfigured to be retained within an annular notch within the tangentialmember of the force transfer device. The annulus management device maybe removably or permanently attached to the force transfer device (seealso FIGS. 15, 16). The inner diameter of the annulus management deviceshould be substantially the same as the outer diameter of the tangentialmember of the transfer device. The outer diameter of the annulusmanagement device should be greater than the inner diameter of thematerial vessel 20 so as to be in close proximity to the sidewall 24 ofthe vessel. Thus, as the force transfer device moves along the sidewallsof the vessel, any accumulated material 49 (FIG. 4) along the sidewallof the vessel is moved towards the bottom 26 of the vessel, through theoutlet channel 55 and preferably out the material manifold 45. Suitablematerials for the annulus management device include materials similar tothe force transfer device materials, as well as leathers, natural orsynthetic rubbers and other elastomers such as Buna-N (nitrile),fluoroelastomers, neoprene and ethylene-propylene-diene-monomer (EPDM).

Referring now to FIG. 9, one embodiment of the refillable materialtransfer system 110 includes configuring the material vessel 120 in avertical format. The material vessel includes a main body 150, a top122, and one or more legs or extensions 170. The main body of thematerial vessel is configured in a cylindrical format having a lowerportion 152 to be connected to the legs 170 and an upper portion 154 tobe connected to the top 122. An upper annular flange 124 is connected toa lower portion 156 of the top. A lower annular flange 126 is connectedto the upper portion 154 of the main body of the vessel. The annularflanges are essentially cylindrical in shape, having a donut-likeconfiguration, being significantly larger in diameter than in thickness.Clamping screws 128 are secured to the bottom flange and are configuredto reside within notches or slots 127 formed within the upper flange.The configuration of the top and bottom flanges and securing locks aresuch that when the securing locks are in place a fluid tight seal ismaintained between the top and main body of the material vessel. Wherethe duty of the material vessel includes high pressure or otherrequirements for a fluid tight seal, an O-ring (not shown) may beinterposed between the upper and lower flanges or a rubber or otherpolymeric coating may be applied to the upper and lower flanges so as tofacilitate a fluid tight seal. Other mechanisms, such as latches,clamps, lifting lugs and davits may be used to secure the vessel's topto the vessel's main body.

The top portion 122 of the material vessel 120 may be hemispherical andcircular in cross-section. Alternatively, the top of the pressure vesselmay be configured flat, square or other suitable shape for the dutyimposed on the vessel. Bores, cut outs or other access ports may beprovided in the top of the container so as to facilitate positioning ofa gas inlet end valve 180, an overflow or pressure relief valve 190 anda gauge mechanism 160. For ease of insertion and removal of a gauge 160having a display 164, a threaded coupling 162 may be placed within thecenter of the top portion of the container. Alternatively, the topcoupling may be used to hold the stabilizer rod or pipe 62, as shown inFIG. 1, or the drive shaft 93, as shown in FIG. 4.

So as to facilitate removal of the top 122 from the container 120, alifting mechanism 130 may be configured adjacent the main body 150 ofthe material vessel. In one embodiment, as available from RosedaleProducts of Ann Arbor, Mich., U.S.A., a hydraulic jack 132 is used todrive a piston or rod 134 to lift the annular flange 124 of the topportion of the vessel. An actuator mechanism 136 may be used tohydraulically, mechanically or electro-mechanically move the drive shaft134 to position the top of the container. Furthermore, the liftingmechanism may be configured so as to lift and allow horizontal movementof the lid without complete disengagement from the lower flange 126. Forstabilizing purposes, a support flange 138 may be secured to the mainbody 150 of the material vessel and to the actuator mechanism 132 of thelift mechanism 130.

The refillable material transfer system 110 may be further configuredwith a material inlet and outlet manifold 140 positioned below the mainbody 150 of the material vessel 120 and adjacent the bottom portion 152of the vessel. For example, a pipe 144 may be connected to the bottomportion of the container and may include a T-shaped (tee) portion 146that is closed on one end 146 and is connected to a discharge mechanism148 on a second portion of the tee. The discharge portion of thematerial manifold may further include a ball valve and actuatormechanism 142. A cam and groove coupler or other industry specificmechanism may be configured on the outlet of the material manifold forcoupling to hoses and pipes for filling and emptying the container. Forfurther protection of the material discharge manifold, a shield (notshown) of plastic, metal or other suitable material may be configuredaround the legs 170 or other extension supporting the material container120. Similarly, a protective shield (not shown) may be formed around theupper portion of the top 122 of the container so as to protect thedisplay mechanism 160, gas inlet 180 and pressure relief or materialdischarge device 190. Cutouts in the protective mechanism surroundingthe top may be provided for access to the display 164 and gas valve 180.

The refillable material transfer system 110 may be configured to holdvarious quantities of material 42 and various pressures of high-pressuregas 31. For example (see also FIGS. 1 and 4), the top 122 and main body150 of the vessel 120 may be sized and the retainer 61, 91 and arrestor73, 99 configured so that the internal material space 40 accommodates,for example, fifty-five, one-hundred-and-fifty, three-hundred orsix-hundred gallons (2.3 cubic meters) of fluid or other material. Foran operation mode involving constant gas pressure, those skilled in theart can determine, without undue experimentation, the volume of thecontainer required to accommodate the high-pressure gas. For anoperation mode involving pre-charging the vessel with a specific amountof gas proceed as follows:

-   -   (a) determine the final pressure (P), in absolute terms required        to dispense the material when empty;    -   (b) multiply this absolute pressure (P) by the flooded        volume (V) of the container to obtain a value referred to herein        as the PV constant;    -   (c) determine the value of the absolute pressure at pre-charging        a full container; and    -   (d) divide the PV constant by the absolute pressure at        pre-charging to determine the volume of the container required        to accommodate the high-pressure gas.

When a diconical force transfer device 60, 90 is used in the materialvessel 20, 120, the outer diameter of the tangential member 69, 95(largest diameter of the crown 68, 94 and thruster 71, 97) is configuredsomewhat smaller than the inner diameter of the sidewall 24 of thematerial vessel. Refillable material transfer systems can be scaled upand down for the intended services. The services can range from smallhand held systems to large cargo truck or trailer mounted systems. It iscontemplated that the present invention is applicable to very small(micro-, nano-sized) to very large material transfer systems that wouldmove material quantities of less than a micro-liter and at least tens ofthousands of liters of material. Those skilled in the art of containerscan determine, without undue experimentation, the appropriate containergeometries, materials, and other features. Similarly, those skilled inthe art of material transfer can determine, without undueexperimentation, the appropriate force transfer device geometries,materials and other features. If refillable material transfer systemswould be charged with finite volumes of gas, and not connected to a gassupplies, then those skilled in the art of materials transfer candetermine, without undue experimentation, the appropriate minimum gaspressures. Further, those skilled in the art of gas handling candetermine, without undue experimentation, the appropriate initial gaspressures and gas volumes. The following are the dimensions of someexamples of refillable material transfer systems:

EXAMPLE NO. 1 Automotive Body Sealant Dispenser

Dispensing volume: 1.9 gallons (432 cubic inches, 7.1 liters)

Container

-   Top: flat-   Bottom: flat-   Inside Diameter: 6.5 inches (16.5 cm)-   Inside height: 14.5 inches (36.8 cm)-   Flooded volume: 2.1 gallons (481 cubic inches, 7.9 liters)-   Material: aluminum

Force Transfer Device

-   Top: flat-   Bottom: 120 degree cone-   Bottom protuberance: none-   Tangential diameter: 6.25 inches (15.9 cm)-   Tangential height: 1.0 inches (2.5 cm)-   Material: aluminum

EXAMPLE NO. 2 Automotive Body Sound Deadening Dispenser

Dispensing volume: 21.7 gallons (5,013 cubic inches, 82.1 liters)

Container

-   Top: 2:1 semi-ellipsoidal-   Bottom: 2:1 semi-ellipsoidal-   Inside Diameter: 15.5 inches (39.4 cm)-   Straight shell height: 32.1 inches (81.5 cm)-   Flooded volume: 34.3 gallons (7,929 cubic inches, 129.9 liters)-   Material: stainless steel

Force Transfer Device

-   Top: 2:1 semi-ellipsoidal-   Bottom: 2:1 semi-ellipsoidal-   Bottom protuberance: diameter of 3.0 inches (7.6 cm) and height of    2.5 inches (6.4 cm)-   Tangential diameter: 14.0 inches (35.6 cm)-   Tangential height: 5.0 inches (12.7 cm)-   Material: stainless steel

Proximity of the tangential member 69, 95, 230, 232, 234, 236, 330, 332,334, 346, 348 of the force transfer device 60, 90, 200 and 300 to thesidewall 24 of the material container 20, 120 is dependant, among otherthings, upon the nature of the material 42. The proximity range from 0.2to 1.0 inches (0.5 to 2.5 cm). Height of the tangential member 69, 95,230, 232, 234, 236, 330, 332, 334, 346, 348 depends, among other things,upon the nature of the material and the size of the container 20, 120.Heights range from zero to twelve inches (30.5 cm). The conical crown68, 94 has a defining angle which depends upon, among other things, thecharacter of the material. The angle can range from 90 to 180 degrees.The fulcrum of the thruster 71, 97, 210, 212, 214, 215 has a definingangle 215 that depends, among other things, upon the nature of thematerial that can range from 90 degrees to 180 degrees. The thruster tip98, 220 has a defining angle 225 that depends, among other things, uponthe nature of the material that can range from 30 degrees to less than180 degrees.

Referring now to FIGS. 10 and 11, the force transfer device 200 may beadapted for use with various fluids having different viscosities. Thethruster portion 210 of the transfer device may be configured as conicalor frustum shaped, hollow device. The plurality of tangential members230 may be configured to be placed adjacent the thruster portion of thetransfer device. For example, the tangential members 232, 234, 236 maybe disk-like or cylindrical in shape having an aspect ratio where theirheight (thickness) is significantly less than their diameter. Thetangential members may be stacked on top of each other and secured tothe thruster portion using a securing rod 250 or other suitablemechanism. The securing rod may be removably attached to the platesusing a top coupling 254, and may be secured at its second (bottom) end252 to the bottom portion 214 of the conical thruster 210. In oneembodiment, the securing rod is disposed in bores or holes 256 in thetangential members and within a pipe or conduit 258 in the thruster.

Penetration of the transfer device 200 into thick or viscous fluids maybe aided by the addition of a penetration tip 220 attached to the lowerportion 214 of the thruster 210. As heretofore described, the thrustertip may be conical (triangular in cross-section), blunted, square orother suitable shape. The thruster tip may include an adaptor 222 forattaching the tip to the thruster by welding, threading mechanisms orfor fixing the tip to the securing rod 250. A port 264 in the conicalthruster and lumens or holes 262 in the tangential members may be usedto provide access to a hollow portion of the conical thruster foraddition of ballast. A cap 260 may be placed on the outermost tangentialmember to cover the port for filling and removal of the ballast. Whenthe force transfer device is used in a refillable material transfersystem that is pressurized, holes or bores 280 may be drilled orotherwise formed into the tangential elements so as to allowpressurization of the material transfer device.

The force transfer device 200 may also include a stabilizer mechanism240. For example, three stabilizing fins 242, 244, 246 may be secured tothe outermost tangential member 232 to prevent tipping and otherwisestabilize the thruster 210 of force transfer device as it moves withinthe material vessel 20, 120. The stabilizer fins may be welded, bolted,screwed and permanently or removably fastened to the upper tangentialmember 232 of the force device by addition of one or more flanges 243,245, 247. The stabilizer fins are configured such that they extendoutside of the perimeter of the tangential members so that the outermostportion of the stabilizers are adjacent the inner sidewall of thematerial vessel. Alternatively, stabilizer fins may be attached to oneor more of the tangential members as shown in FIGS. 4-6.

Referring now to FIGS. 12, 13 and 14, the force transfer device 300 maybe made in various configurations other than the diconical shape shownin FIGS. 1-8. For example, the thruster portion 310 of the transferdevice and the crown portion 315 of the transfer device may behemispherical or semi-elliptical in shape. Such hemispherical orelliptical shapes may be easier to manufacture through cold working,annealing, or casting. Similarly, injected molded processes for use ofvarious alloys and metals may be implemented.

As shown in FIG. 12, the transfer device 300 may include a substantiallytangential portion 330 so as to be parallel to the inner sidewalls ofthe material vessel. Accordingly, the thruster or lower portion 310 ofthe transfer device may include a tangential portion 332, and the upperportion 315 of the transfer device may include a tangential portion 334.The two halves of the transfer device may be joined at a weld 340 orother technique for permanently or removably fastening the two halvestogether may be employed. As heretofore described, vertical stabilizerfins 342, 344, 346, 348 may be spaced circumferentially around thetangential portion of the transfer device. Although four stabilizer finsare shown in the reference figures, two, three, six or more stabilizerfins may be employed as appropriate, depending on the diameter and otherconfigurations of the vessel and transfer device.

When the force transfer device 300 is used in a gas-pressurizedenvironment, the upper or top portion (crown) 315 of the transfer devicemay include one or more vents or holes 380 so as to allow thepressurized gas to enter the inside of the transfer device. In addition,an access port 360 for placing ballast into the transfer device may beprovided on the upper surface of the transfer device crown. Asheretofore described, the ballast access port may be configured toaccept a plug or cap for removable insertion into the access port. Thecrown of the transfer device may also be configured with a coupling,flange or other member 350 for insertion of a stabilizer pipe 62(FIG. 1) or drive shaft 93 (FIG. 4). For configurations of the forcetransfer device that accommodate a level indicating device (FIGS. 17,18), a pipe or other tube may be configured to extend from the crowncoupling to proximate the bottom surface of the thruster portion 310. Asshown in FIG. 12, the thruster portion is also configured with acylindrical protuberance or flange 320 that may be configured as acoupling to accept a retaining mechanism 322 that may be used to containa position device subassembly 600 (FIG. 18). The thruster coupling mayalso serve as a penetrating tip to facilitate penetrating the materialand for movement of very viscous fluids through the exit channel 55 andmaterial manifold 45, 140 of the vessel 20, 120. Accordingly, thediameter of the thruster tip (protuberance 320) should be about the sameas the diameter of the exit channel 55.

To aid in insertion and removal of the material transfer device 300 fromthe internals of a material vessel, holes 352 or similar mechanism maybe formed in the upper coupling 350 on the crown 315. For example, asshown in FIG. 13, two holes 352 may be drilled in line across thecoupling such that a chain or wire may be threaded through the holes tolift the force transfer device from the pressure vessel. As heretoforedescribed, the transferred vessel may be made from any suitable metal,alloy, plastic or other polymer that would be compatible with thematerial to be used in the transfer system.

Referring now to FIGS. 15 and 16, the hemispherical (semi-elliptical)transfer device 300 (FIG. 11) may be configured with an annulusmanagement device 400 to help remove material accumulated on the innersidewalls of the material vessel. The annulus management device includesan annular member 410 formed of natural or synthetic rubber, elastomericpolymers or other suitable materials compatible with the material beingtransferred in and out of the container. The annulus management devicemay further include a horizontal flange or flanges 420 affixed to theannular member. The horizontal flange may include ports 452, 454, 456,458 to accommodate stop cocks 442, 444, 446, 448 or other ventingmechanisms so that gas or air trapped below the transfer device may bereleased as the transfer device moves from the top to the bottom (fromthe first end to the second end) of the material vessel. The horizontalflange may be secured to the annular member by bolts and nuts 470 orother suitable fastening means. Alternatively, the annular member may beglued or otherwise bonded to the flange or directly to the crown of thetransfer device. A vertical portion of the flange may be welded orotherwise formed with the horizontal flange and may be attached to thetransfer device by bolts and nuts 460 or other suitable fastening means.The annulus management device may be fixedly or removably secured to theforce transfer device.

Referring now to FIG. 17, the refillable material transfer system mayinclude a level indicating device 500. Many types of level indicatorsmay be incorporated into the material transfer system, such as contactand non-contact level devices, for example for example, container weightdevices (scales), container gas pressure devices (pressure gages),linear and rotary encoding devices (tape gages), wave devices (laser,magnetostrictive, radio frequency, and ultrasonic), magnetically coupleddevices (indicating rods and tapes), displacement devices (limit andproximity switches), material flow devices (flow totalizers), opticaldevices (fiberoptic, photoelectric, and visual), gas and materialinterface devices (buoyancy, capacitance, conductivity, differentialpressure, and differential temperature) and nuclear devices(radioisotope). One suitable system for use with the force transferdevices described herein is available from GEMS Sensors, Inc. ofPlainville, Conn., USA. Such a device includes a stem 520 that may bedisposed within the adapter pipe or central lumen of the force transferdevice (see FIG. 12). The stem may include magnetic reed switches orother level indicators that are coupled to a microprocessor in a housing560 that is visible from outside of the material vessel. A threadedcoupling 540 or other securing device may be used to attach the levelindicator system to the upper flange 350 of the force transfer device300 shown in FIG. 12. The housing may include a programmablemicroprocessor (not shown) and other electronics such as a digitaldisplay 564 that may be configured for use with particular sizes ofmaterial vessels. The housing 560 of the system may be made of apolymer, composite, other synthetic material; or a more robust metal oralloy construction as available from Moore Industries International,Inc., of North Hills, Calif.

Referring now to FIG. 18, to actuate the magnetic sensors in the stem520, a position device subassembly 600 may be configured for positioningwithin the force transfer device 300 shown in FIG. 11. The subassemblyincludes an outer housing 620 to contain a magnetic position device(magnetic actuator) 640, which may be cylindrical or egg-shaped. Athreaded cap or other coupling 660 is configured on one side of thehousing so as to be secured to an adapter 322 or other mechanism on theforce transfer device. The housing cap includes a bore or lumen 680 sothat the stem 520 may pass through the position device subassembly.Similarly, the position device is configured within a central lumen 690so that the stem may be slidably disposed within the position device.Additionally, the position device subassembly may include a cleaningmechanism (not shown) to remove material deposits from the stem. Inoperation, as the material level increases in the vessel, the transferdevice holding the position device subassembly (magnetic actuator) movesup the stem actuating the sensors contained within the stem. As theposition device (magnetic actuator) approaches the highest point on thestem, then the display 564 on the device will be calibrated to readone-hundred percent or some other indication to show a full vessel. Thelevel indicating device 500 may be calibrated to show material height,weight or volume as appropriate. Likewise, as the material is drainedfrom the vessel, the transfer device approaches the bottom of thecontainer causing the magnetic actuator to approach the lowest point onthe stem and the level indicator will show a decrease in height, weightor volume of the material.

FIGS. 19-22 illustrate how the invention can be used to dispense apersonal care product such as a hand cream, lotion, shampoo,moisturizer, or other fluid consumer products. A container 700 in theform of a canister or personal care dispenser has a cylindrical wallthat defines a receptacle 720 sized to receive a refillable cartridge730. The container 700 may be cylindrical and include a threaded uppersurface 740 that receives a screw on cap 750 to create an air-tight sealwith the container 700. The container includes a button or actuator 760that is coupled to a flow control valve 770 that manages the flow ofmaterial through the refillable cartridge 730. The container alsoincludes a nozzle or outlet port 780 that is used to expel the product795 from the container via a tubular channel 790.

The refillable cartridge operates under the principles of the refillablematerial transfer system described above. The cartridge has a first end735 with a gas inlet 745 for charging the refillable cartridge 730 withcompressed gas, and a second end 755 with an outlet for discharging andrefilling the material 795. The cartridge 730 includes a bi-conicalforce transfer device 765 that is akin to the force transfer device 60of FIG. 1. As shown in FIG. 21, the compressed gas places a force on theforce transfer device 765 which in turn compresses the material 795.When the button 760 is depressed, the valve 770 is opened which allowsthe compressed material 795 in the refillable cartridge to flow throughthe valve 770 and into the channel 790 where it can be dispensed throughthe outlet port 780. Once the product is largely depleted from therefillable cartridge, as shown in FIG. 22 the cartridge 730 is connectedat the second end 755 to a pressurized supply source 800, which fillsthe cartridge 730 with fresh product. The product entering the cartridge730 forces the force transfer device 765 away from the second end 755,recompressing the gas in the cartridge so that it may once againdispense the material. The cycle of dispensing and refilling thecartridge allows many uses of the same system without generating thenormal waste that would come with purchasing a new bottle container ofthe product each time, saving money and the environment.

FIG. 23 illustrates an alternate embodiment of the cartridge system ofFIG. 21, wherein a boundary layer reducing material 701 has been appliedto selected wetted surfaces within the refillable cartridge 730. It isto be understood that the drawing of the boundary layer reducingmaterial 701 is not to scale, but rather has been greatly enlarged toillustrate the invention. The wetted surfaces on the interior of thematerial transfer system may include the side walls, the force transferdevice 765, and the outlet channel 790. Other surfaces and elements thatcome into contact with the fluid 795 may also be considered a wettedsurface. In a preferred embodiment, all wetted surfaces are coated witha material that reduces the boundary layer between the moving fluid andthe stationary interior surfaces (as well as the force transfer device,collectively the “boundary layer interfaces”) of the refillablecartridge system. The present invention affects the boundary layersbetween the refillable cartridge system boundary layer interfaces andthe fluid to improve the performance capabilities of the system. Becausereducing the boundary layer impacts relatively large geometric surfaceareas between the cartridge system internal surfaces and the fluid, thisinvention significantly improves the overall efficiency and decreasesthe energy required to move the fluid into and out of the system.

Each internal surface of the cartridge may be treated or coated tocreate a new boundary layer between the surface wall and the bulk fluid.Treatment includes altering the surface roughness (i.e., the measure ofthe average perpendicular deviation of the surface from an idealsurface) of these surfaces. Where the surface roughness is decreased bysanding, polishing, or the like, the adhesion of the fluid to thesesurfaces is also reduced, lowering the friction to move the viscousfluid. That is, the cartridge's native internal surfaces may be polishedto make them smoother, thereby decreasing the energy required to movethe fluid across these surfaces and increasing the flow rate of thefluid into and out of the cartridge. Alternatively, an epoxy coating maybe added to the native internal surfaces to make them smoother, reducingthe average wall roughness that comes in contact with the bulk fluid andtherefore reducing the boundary layer. Another way to reduce theboundary layer is to apply a silicone-based release agent to theinternal surfaces. Release agents may be independently applied to theinternal surfaces, or an epoxy coating impregnated with release agentsmay be applied to the native internal surfaces.

On the other hand, the surface roughness can be increased to augment theadhesion of the fluid to these surfaces. For example, the cartridge'sinternal surfaces may be sandblasted to make them rougher, increasingthe energy required to move the fluid within the cartridge. Thisincreases the boundary layer, which helps to hydraulically prime thesystem. Alternatively, a coating containing an abrasive may be added tothe native internal surfaces to make them rougher, which also serves toaid in priming the system. A binder/tackifier may be added to theinternal surfaces to increase the boundary layer of the fluid on thesesurfaces for hydraulically priming the system. Binders/tackifiers may beindependently applied to the internal surfaces, or an epoxy coatingimpregnated with binders/tackifiers may be applied to the cartridge'snative internal surfaces.

Another way to reduce the boundary layer on the wetted surfaces of thecartridge and its components is to profile (roughen, i.e., increase thesurface roughness) the native or coated surfaces and apply a releaseagent to the surfaces, where the release agent may be present in thevalleys of the surfaces, to improve the retention of the release agentwith the surfaces. For example, a metal cartridge could be sandblastedand coated with vegetable oil, in the same way that an internalcombustion engine's cylinders may be honed to retain lubricating oil inthe valleys. Another way to reduce the boundary layer is to utilize theporosity of certain solid materials, where a release agent may bepresent in the pores of the solid material and on its surfaces and maybe held in the pores by capillary action. The release agent is trappedin the pores to improve the retention of the release agent in the solidmaterial and on its surfaces. The porous solid material may be thesystem's components (cartridge's inner wall, arrestor, force transferdevice, outlet channel, etc.) and the porous solid material added to thesystem's components (coating, liner, cladding, etc.) For example, ametal cartridge could be lined with a self-lubricating oil-impregnatednylon sheet.

Examples of solid materials that are porous with a release agent intheir pores and on their surfaces include a cast iron frying panseasoned with cooking oil, Oilite® self-lubricating oil-impregnatedbronze, and self-lubricating oil-impregnated nylon. Other examples canbe found where materials that are porous incorporate release agents intheir pores and on their surfaces to improve performance or wearcharacteristics of the objects.

The surfaces may also be altered to change the electrical, thermal, andwave resistivities of these surfaces. For example, a silicone-basedelectrically conductive grease may be added to the internal surfaces ofthe cartridge to decrease the energy required to transmit electricalenergy to and from the fluid. Where heating or cooling the fluid insidethe cartridge is necessary, a silicone-based thermal grease may be addedto the cartridge's internal surfaces to decrease the energy required totransmit thermal energy to and from the fluid to better cool and heatthe fluid. In acoustically manipulated materials or fluids, aglycerin/glycerine-based acoustic coupling medium may be added to theinternal surfaces of the cartridge to decrease the energy required totransmit acoustic wave energy to and from the materials or fluids tobetter agitate the material.

A silicone-based dielectric grease may also be added to the internalsurfaces to increase the energy required to transmit electrical energyto and from the fluid in the cartridge, to better isolate the fluid frombeing affected by static electricity or other charges. Alternatively, athermal insulation material may be added to the internal surfaces toincrease the energy required to transmit thermal energy to and from thefluid to better isolate the fluid from cooling and heating. Inacoustically agitated materials, an acoustic viscoelastic polymericmaterial may be added to the internal surfaces to increase the energyrequired to transmit acoustic wave energy to and from the materials tobetter isolate the materials from agitation.

The internal surfaces of the refillable cartridge system can besupplemented with other materials to change the physical properties ofthese surfaces. For example, certain additives will decrease the egressand ingress of materials and fluids into and out of the cartridge. Abarrier coating may be added to plastic internal surfaces to decreasethe permeation of gases through the plastic surfaces, preventing orreducing air and gases from entering the cartridge which mayconsequently reduce the shelf life of the materials and fluids in thecartridge.

This invention improves the energy efficiency and other performanceaspects of the refillable cartridge system in handling the materials andfluids. By attending to the boundary layers between the internalsurfaces and the materials and fluids, this invention takes advantage ofthe relatively large geometric surface areas between them, andcapitalizes on the exponential (square area) function and impact thatthis invention affects to the boundary layers in these areas.

To achieve the various objects above, selected materials are applied tothe internal, wetted surfaces of the system to affect the boundary layerof the moving fluid. There are many types of coatings that can be usedto affect the flow of the viscous fluids through the system, includingnon-stick cooking sprays, dielectric gels, silicone release agents,thermally-conductive greases, Teflon® (polytetrafluoroethylene)non-stick coatings, anti-slip coatings, electrically-conductive greases,release agent coatings, dielectric greases, gas barrier coatings,acoustic viscoelastic polymeric insulating materials, ultrasoniccouplants, coatings with aerogel thermal insulation materials, liquidrepellent coatings, silicone-impregnated (release agent) epoxy coatings,and tackifier products to name a few. This list is intended to beillustrative and not limiting.

Affecting more than one of the three individual elements of the boundarylayers (the cartrodge's internal surfaces, the adjacent (“skin”)surfaces of the materials and fluids to be moved and stored within thecartridge, and any selected boundary layer affecting materials betweenthese two surfaces) may impact the performance capabilities of therefillable cartridge system. For example, adding an epoxy coatingimpregnated with a silicon release agent both smooths the cartridge'sinternal surfaces and adds a slippery release agent. Although thisinvention emphasizes the impact of affecting the boundary layers (theinternal surfaces, the adjacent (“skin”) surfaces of the materials andfluids, and any materials between these two surfaces) to improve theperformance capabilities, this invention may also be applied in the gasspace and vapor space of the system where gases and vapors may bepresent.

Where the interior walls of the cartridge 730 are smoothed to reduce theboundary layer, polishing and sandblasting are two option for effectingthis change. For example, native metal internal surfaces with a rough“mill finish” (from the metal rolling mill) may be mechanically polishedto be smoother with a “super-mirror finish.” Standards for smoothing aredescribed in ASME B46.1, Surface Roughness, Waviness, and Lay (AmericanSociety of Mechanical Engineers Standard); ISO 4287 Geometrical ProductSpecifications (GPS)—Surface texture: Profile method—Terms, definitionsand parameters of surface texture; and ISO 4288 Geometrical ProductSpecifications (GPS)—Surface texture: Profile method—Rules andprocedures for the assessment of surface texture (InternationalOrganization for Standardization Standard).

To effect a reduced surface roughness, the initial surface finish may be“#1 mill finish” and “60 grit”, “ISO N9”, where Ra (roughnessaverage)=6.3 μm (micrometers)=25 μin (microinches). A polishing media of500 grit (or finer) abrasive media is used to polish the native surface,and then a final surface finish of “#8 super-mirror finish” and “500grit”, “ISO N3”, is achieved where Ra (roughness average)=0.10 μm(micrometers)=4 μin (microinches).

In the case of sandblasting, the smooth native metal cartridge internalsurfaces may be sandblasted “near-white” with abrasive media to berougher, thereby meeting the requirements of the following standards:“Sa 2½”, ISO 8501-1 Preparation of steel substrates before applicationof paints and related products—Visual assessment of surfacecleanliness—Part 1: Rust grades and preparation grades of uncoated steelsubstrates and of steel substrates after overall removal of previouscoatings; and/or SSPC-SP 10/NACE No. 2 Near-White Blast Cleaning (TheSociety for Protective Coatings and National Association of CorrosionEngineers Joint Surface Preparation Standard). In particular,superhydrophobicity is obtained with a tapered cone 302 geometry butless so with a cylindrical pillar geometry (see FIG. 24).

Another way to reduce the boundary layer is to formulate fluid repellentstructures on wetted surfaces of the system. These structures may behydrophobic, superhydrophobic, omniphobic, and superomniphobic. Adiscussion of superhydrophobicity can be found in an article by AntonioChecco et al. entitled “Robust Superhydrophobicity In Large-AreaNanostructured Surfaces Defined By Block-Copolymer Self Assembly,” Adv.Mater. 2013. To achieve the desired effect, block-copolymer-based thinfilm patterning is used to create large-area superhydrophoibic surfacestextured with feature sizes approaching 10 nanometers. Tuning thenanostructure shape and aspect ratio significantly influences thesurface-wetting properties.

Yet another way to reduce the boundary layer is to apply a fluidrepellent coating or film to the wetted surfaces of the system. Thesecoatings may be hydrophobic, superhydrophobic, omniphobic, andsuperomniphobic. Examples of these coatings are Rust-Oleum® NeverWet™superhydrophobic coating,http://www.rustoleum.com/product-catalog/consumer-brands/neverwet/neverwet-kit/,http://www.neverwet.com/, and Integrated Surface Technologies Repellixsuperhydrophobic ceramic coatings, http://www.insurftech.com/.)

While particular forms of the invention have been illustrated anddescribed with regard to certain embodiments of material transfersystems, it will also be apparent to those skilled in the art thatvarious modifications can be made without departing from the scope ofthe invention. More specifically, it should be clear that the presentinvention is not limited to any particular method of forming thedisclosed devices. While certain aspects of the invention have beenillustrated and described herein in terms of its use with fluids andother specific materials, it will be apparent to those skilled in theart that the refillable material transfer system and force transferdevice can be used with many materials not specifically discussedherein. Further, particular sizes and dimensions, materials used, andthe like have been described herein and are provided as examples only.Other modifications and improvements may be made without departing fromthe scope of the invention. Accordingly, it is not intended that theinvention be limited, except as by the appended claims.

We claim:
 1. An apparatus for dispensing material through a refillable cartridge, comprising: a container having a receptacle for receiving a refill cartridge, the container having a lid cooperating with the container to enclose the refill cartridge, the container further comprising an exit port and a channel for communicating material from the refill cartridge to the exit port, and a button for controlling the flow of material out of the refill cartridge; a reusable, refill cartridge sized to be received in the receptacle, the refill cartridge including compressed gas and material separated by a bi-conical force transfer device, the refill cartridge further comprising a first end having a material inlet and an outlet manifold, and a second end having a compressed gas inlet; and a treatment applied to the reusable, refill cartridge's inner wall and bi-conical force transfer device to change a friction of a moving fluid at the inner wall and arrestor.
 2. The apparatus for dispensing material through a refillable cartridge of claim 1, wherein the treatment is a polishing to reduce the surface roughness of the inner wall and arrestor.
 3. The apparatus for dispensing material through a refillable cartridge of claim 1, wherein the treatment is a sandblasting to increase the surface roughness of the inner wall and arrestor.
 4. The apparatus for dispensing material through a refillable cartridge of claim 1, wherein the treatment is an application of an agent between the inner wall and a bulk fluid therein, and an application of the agent between the arrestor and the bulk fluid therein.
 5. The apparatus for dispensing material through a refillable cartridge of claim 4, wherein the agent is a lubricant.
 6. The apparatus for dispensing material through a refillable cartridge of claim 4, wherein the agent is a silicone-based release agent.
 7. The apparatus for dispensing material through a refillable cartridge of claim 4, wherein the agent is an epoxy coating.
 8. The apparatus for dispensing material through a refillable cartridge of claim 4, wherein the agent is a binder/tackifier.
 9. An apparatus for dispensing material through a refillable cartridge, comprising: a container having a receptacle for receiving a refill cartridge, the container having a lid cooperating with the container to enclose the refill cartridge, the container further comprising an exit port and a channel for communicating material from the refill cartridge to the exit port, and a button for controlling the flow of material out of the refill cartridge; a reusable, refill cartridge sized to be received in the receptacle, the refill cartridge including compressed gas and material separated by a bi-conical force transfer device, the refill cartridge further comprising a first end having a material inlet and an outlet manifold, and a second end having a compressed gas inlet; and a treatment applied to the vessel's inner wall and arrestor to change a thermal conductivity of a moving fluid at the inner wall and arrestor.
 10. The apparatus for dispensing material through a refillable cartridge of claim 9, wherein the treatment is an application of thermal grease.
 11. An apparatus for dispensing material through a refillable cartridge, comprising: a container having a receptacle for receiving a refill cartridge, the container having a lid cooperating with the container to enclose the refill cartridge, the container further comprising an exit port and a channel for communicating material from the refill cartridge to the exit port, and a button for controlling the flow of material out of the refill cartridge; a reusable, refill cartridge sized to be received in the receptacle, the refill cartridge including compressed gas and material separated by a bi-conical force transfer device, the refill cartridge further comprising a first end having a material inlet and an outlet manifold, and a second end having a compressed gas inlet; and a treatment applied to the vessel's inner wall and arrestor to change an acoustic response to energy directed into the vessel.
 12. The apparatus for dispensing material through a refillable cartridge of claim 11, wherein the treatment is an application of glycerine based acoustic coupling medium.
 13. An apparatus for dispensing material through a refillable cartridge, comprising: a container having a receptacle for receiving a refill cartridge, the container having a lid cooperating with the container to enclose the refill cartridge, the container further comprising an exit port and a channel for communicating material from the refill cartridge to the exit port, and a button for controlling the flow of material out of the refill cartridge; a reusable, refill cartridge sized to be received in the receptacle, the refill cartridge including compressed gas and material separated by a bi-conical force transfer device, the refill cartridge further comprising a first end having a material inlet and an outlet manifold, and a second end having a compressed gas inlet; and a treatment applied to the vessel's inner wall and arrestor to change an electrical conductivity between the vessel and a moving fluid at the inner wall and arrestor.
 14. The apparatus for dispensing material through a refillable cartridge of claim 13, wherein the treatment is an application of a dielectric grease.
 15. An apparatus for dispensing material through a refillable cartridge, comprising: a container having a receptacle for receiving a refill cartridge, the container having a lid cooperating with the container to enclose the refill cartridge, the container further comprising an exit port and a channel for communicating material from the refill cartridge to the exit port, and a button for controlling the flow of material out of the refill cartridge; a reusable, refill cartridge sized to be received in the receptacle, the refill cartridge including compressed gas and material separated by a bi-conical force transfer device, the refill cartridge further comprising a first end having a material inlet and an outlet manifold, and a second end having a compressed gas inlet; and the cartridge's inner wall and the force transfer device include fluid repellent structures.
 16. The apparatus for dispensing material through a refillable cartridge of claim 15, wherein the fluid repellant structures are omniphobic. 